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ObjectiveTo compare second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) and mood stabilizers (MSs) in youth with a bipolar disorder type I (BD-I) manic/mixed episode.MethodA systematic PubMed/Embase/PsycInfo literature search until December 31, 2023, for randomized trials of SGAs or MSs in patients ≤18 years of age with BD-I manic/mixed episode was conducted. The study included a network meta-analysis comparing treatments regarding mania symptoms and mania response (co-primary outcomes), and secondary efficacy and tolerability outcomes.ResultsEighteen studies (n = 2844, mean age = 11.74, female participants = 48.0%, mean study duration = 5.4 weeks) comparing 6 SGAs (aripiprazole, asenapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and ziprasidone) and 4 MSs (lithium, oxcarbazepine, topiramate, and valproate) were meta-analyzed. All 6 SGAs outperformed placebo in reducing manic symptomatology, including risperidone (standardized mean difference [SMD] = -1.18, 95% CI = -0.92, -1.45, Confidence in Network Meta-Analysis [CINeMA] = moderate confidence), olanzapine (SMD = -0.77, 95% CI = -0.36, -1.18, low confidence), aripiprazole (SMD = -0.67, 95% CI = -0.33, -1.01, moderate confidence), quetiapine (SMD = -0.60, 95% CI = -0.32, -0.87, high confidence), asenapine (SMD = -0.54, 95% CI = -0.19, -0.89, moderate confidence), and ziprasidone (SMD = -0.43, 95% CI = -0.17, 0.70, low confidence), whereas no mood stabilizer outperformed placebo. Concerning mania response, risperidone (Risk ratio [RR] = 2.58, 95% CI = 1.88, 3.54, low confidence), olanzapine (RR = 2.42, 95% CI = 1.33, 3.54, very low confidence), aripiprazole (RR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.44, 2.92, low confidence), quetiapine (RR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.45n 2.47, moderate confidence), asenapine (RR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.28, 2.55, very low confidence) and lithium (RR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.00, 1.83, p = .049, very low confidence) outperformed placebo, without superiority of other MSs vs placebo. Individually, risperidone was more efficacious in reducing manic symptomatology than all other comparators, except olanzapine and topiramate, yet with low/very low confidence, and was associated with increased prolactin and glucose. Pooled together, SGAs outperformed both placebo and MSs for mania symptom reduction (SMD = -0.68, 95% CI = -0.86, -0.51 and SMD = -0.61, 95% CI = -0.82, -0.40, moderate confidence), and mania response (RR = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.53, 2.24 and RR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.33, 2.04, moderate confidence) without differences between MSs and placebo. There were no significant treatment-placebo differences for all-cause discontinuation, whereas lithium, ziprasidone, and oxcarbazepine were associated with more adverse event-related drop-outs than placebo. Most SGAs were associated with more sedation, weight gain, and metabolic issues vs placebo and MSs.ConclusionSGAs were more efficacious than placebo and MSs in treating acute mania symptoms, however, their use must be carefully weighed against important side effects.Plain language summaryIn this systematic review, the authors compared second-generation antipsychotics and mood stabilizers in youth with bipolar disorder type I experiencing manic or mixed episodes. Drawing on data from 18 randomized trials involving 2,844 participants less than 18 years of age, the authors found that second-generation antipsychotics were more effective than both placebo and mood stabilizers in reducing manic symptoms. However, the authors recommended caution while using second-generation antipsychotics due to potential side effects such as sedation, weight gain, and metabolic issues.Study preregistration informationEfficacy and Safety of Antipsychotics vs Antiepileptics or Lithium Used for Mood Stabilization in Bipolar Disorder in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Exploratory Network Meta-analysis of Head-to-Head Trials; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk; CRD42022370915.

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BackgroundThe degree of physiological responses to individual antipsychotic drugs is unclear in children and adolescents. With network meta-analysis, we aimed to investigate the effects of various antipsychotic medications on physiological variables in children and adolescents with neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental conditions.MethodsFor this network meta-analysis, we searched Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Scopus from database inception until Dec 22, 2023, and included randomised controlled trials comparing antipsychotics with placebo in children or adolescents younger than 18 years with any neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental condition. Primary outcomes were mean change from baseline to end of acute treatment in bodyweight, BMI, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, prolactin, heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and QT interval corrected for heart rate (QTc) for patients receiving either active treatment or placebo. For multigroup trials reporting several doses, we calculated a summary value for each physiological variable for all doses. After transitivity assessment, we fitted frequentist random-effects network meta-analyses for all comparisons in the network. A Kilim plot was used to summarise the results for all treatments and outcomes, providing information regarding the strength of the statistical evidence of treatment effects, using p values. Network heterogeneity was assessed with τ, risk of bias of individual trials was assessed with the Cochrane Collaboration's Tool for Assessing Risk of Bias, and the credibility of findings from each network meta-analysis was assessed with the Confidence in Network Meta-Analysis (CINEMA) app. This study is registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021274393).FindingsOf 6676 studies screened, 47 randomised controlled trials were included, which included 6500 children (mean age 13·29 years, SD 2·14) who received treatment for a median of 7 weeks (IQR 6-8) with either placebo (n=2134) or one of aripiprazole, asenapine, blonanserin, clozapine, haloperidol, lurasidone, molindone, olanzapine, paliperidone, pimozide, quetiapine, risperidone, or ziprasidone (n=4366). Mean differences for bodyweight change gain compared with placebo ranged from -2·00 kg (95% CI -3·61 to -0·39) with molindone to 5·60 kg (0·27 to 10·94) with haloperidol; BMI -0·70 kg/m2 (-1·21 to -0·19) with molindone to 2·03 kg/m2 (0·51 to 3·55) with quetiapine; total cholesterol -0·04 mmol/L (-0·39 to 0·31) with blonanserin to 0·35 mmol/L (0·17 to 0·53) with quetiapine; LDL cholesterol -0·12 mmol/L (-0·31 to 0·07) with risperidone or paliperidone to 0·17 mmol/L (-0·06 to 0·40) with olanzapine; HDL cholesterol 0·05 mmol/L (-0·19 to 0·30) with quetiapine to 0·48 mmol/L (0·18 to 0·78) with risperidone or paliperidone; triglycerides -0·03 mmol/L (-0·12 to 0·06) with lurasidone to 0·29 mmol/L (0·14 to 0·44) with olanzapine; fasting glucose from -0·09 mmol/L (-1·45 to 1·28) with blonanserin to 0·74 mmol/L (0·04 to 1·43) with quetiapine; prolactin from -2·83 ng/mL (-8·42 to 2·75) with aripiprazole to 26·40 ng/mL (21·13 to 31·67) with risperidone or paliperidone; heart rate from -0·20 bpm (-8·11 to 7·71) with ziprasidone to 12·42 bpm (3·83 to 21·01) with quetiapine; SBP from -3·40 mm Hg (-6·25 to -0·55) with ziprasidone to 10·04 mm Hg (5·56 to 14·51) with quetiapine; QTc from -0·61 ms (-1·47 to 0·26) with pimozide to 0·30 ms (-0·05 to 0·65) with ziprasidone.InterpretationChildren and adolescents show varied but clinically significant physiological responses to individual antipsychotic drugs. Treatment guidelines for children and adolescents with a range of neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental conditions should be updated to reflect each antipsychotic drug's distinct profile for associated metabolic changes, alterations in prolactin, and haemodynamic alterations.FundingUK Academy of Medical Sciences, Brain and Behaviour Research Foundation, UK National Institute of Health Research, Maudsley Charity, the Wellcome Trust, Medical Research Council, National Institute of Health and Care Research Biomedical Centre at King's College London and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, the Italian National Recovery and Resilience Plan, and Swiss National Science Foundation.

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BackgroundProlactin increase is a common and potentially problematic adverse event of antipsychotics. We aimed to discover the relationship between antipsychotic doses and changes in prolactin levels.ObjectiveTo examine the relationship between antipsychotic doses and changes in prolactin levels in adults with acutely exacerbated schizophrenia.MethodsWe searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group register (last search 26 July 2024) and previous reviews for fixed-dose, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated monotherapy of 21 antipsychotics in adults with acutely exacerbated schizophrenia. The primary outcome was mean prolactin change from baseline to study endpoint adopting mean differences (MD) in ng/mL as the effect size measure. The dose-response curves were estimated by conducting random-effects dose-response meta-analyses using the restricted cubic spline method.ResultsAmong 165 eligible studies, 68 studies with 238 dose arms (23,128 participants, 35% female) reported on prolactin and were meta-analyzed. Of these, 94% lasted ≤ 3 months, and 90% of the studies used oral formulations. Participants in one study experienced their first episode, while all other studies also included multiepisode participants. The dose-response curves indicated that with aripiprazole, higher doses were significantly associated with lower prolactin levels than lower doses. Brexpiprazole, cariprazine, lumateperone, and quetiapine carried negligible risks for prolactin increase across examined doses. During treatment with most other antipsychotics, i.e., asenapine, haloperidol, iloperidone, lurasidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, risperidone, and ziprasidone, prolactin levels rose with increasing doses and then continued to increase or plateaued. The shape of the dose-response curves was similar in males and females, with generally larger amplitudes of the curves in females.ConclusionsThe prolactin-increasing property varies among antipsychotics, is dose-related, and is greater in females. These findings in adults with acutely exacerbated schizophrenia can help clinicians titrate and adapt antipsychotic doses and consider patients' sex in treatment decisions. The protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO); registration no. CRD42020181467.

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BackgroundHigh discontinuation rates compromise the effectiveness of treatment regimens for schizophrenia, because consistent medication adherence is essential for the efficacy of antipsychotics. Understanding the relationship between antipsychotic doses and discontinuation rates is important. This study explores this relationship to identify doses that maximize treatment adherence and minimize discontinuation.MethodsWe systematically searched multiple electronic databases for fixed-dose RCTs assessing 20 antipsychotics in patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia and related disorders. We analyzed dose-response relationships using a one-stage dose-response meta-analysis within a frequentist framework, employing restricted cubic splines to model the relationships. The primary outcome was discontinuation for any reason, and secondary outcomes were discontinuation due to inefficacy and side effects.ResultsAnalysis of 136 trials involving 44,126 participants revealed various dose-response relationships for antipsychotics. For the primary outcome, all-cause discontinuation, amisulpride, cariprazine, olanzapine (Zyprexa), and quetiapine demonstrated U-shaped curves, indicating optimal dosing thresholds where further increases in dosage led to heightened discontinuation rates, possibly due to side effects. Aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, clozapine, paliperidone, and risperidone (Risperdal) had plateaus, suggesting no additional benefit from increasing doses beyond specific points. For haloperidol, iloperidone, lumateperone, lurasidone, sertindole, and ziprasidone, the dose-response curves did not reach a plateau within the examined doses. Inefficacy discontinuation curves were similar to total discontinuation. Most discontinuation for side-effects curves showed sharp increases in side-effects associated with higher doses.ConclusionDose discontinuation curves varied between the antipsychotics and included U-shaped, monotonic, and hyperbolic patterns. Future studies should consistently present disease-related and side-effect-related dropouts due to adverse events separately.

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BackgroundAntipsychotic switching is common in the treatment of schizophrenia. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of antipsychotics can inform switch strategies, as switching from shorter to longer half-life antipsychotics and switching from more antagonistic to less antagonistic or partial agonist agents at dopaminergic, histaminergic, and cholinergic receptors can lead to withdrawal or rebound symptoms, potentially complicating switch results. This systematic literature review of studies investigated switching strategies between oral antipsychotics. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of antipsychotics that can influence switch outcomes were also extracted from publications and prescribing information.MethodsMEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and PubMed databases were queried (last search 13 May 2024) for articles published from 1 June 2010 to 1 April 2024, with keywords (schizophr* OR schizoaff*) AND (antipsychotic*) AND (switch*). Randomized controlled trials, open-label studies, meta-analyses, and reviews of oral antipsychotic switching were included. Records were excluded if they investigated a disease other than schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder or focused on long-acting injectable or non-approved antipsychotics. Data on switch strategies investigated and study outcomes were manually extracted from randomized controlled trials and open-label switch studies of oral antipsychotics in schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Meta-analyses and review articles were summarized. There was no assessment for risk of bias or specific method to synthesize results.ResultsOf the 579 records identified during the systematic review, 80 articles investigated switching of oral antipsychotics in adult patients with schizophrenia, including 58 randomized and non-randomized studies (9 of which investigated ≥ 1 antipsychotic) and 22 review articles or meta-analyses. The antipsychotics investigated during this period were: aripiprazole (studies = 18); paliperidone, ziprasidone, olanzapine, and risperidone (studies = 7 each); brexpiprazole, clozapine and lurasidone (studies = 4 each); amisulpride, (studies = 3); quetiapine and iloperidone (studies = 2 each); and asenapine and lumateperone (1 study each). Most studies that reported a switch method employed cross-titration switching (studies = 39; 69.6%), while abrupt switching (studies = 10; 17.9%) and switching at investigator's discretion (studies = 7; 12.5%) were rare. A total of 24 studies (N = 3440 patients) had statistical comparisons between treatment groups, but few studies specifically statistically compared outcomes between different switch strategies (1 trial each for aripiprazole, clozapine, iloperidone, and ziprasidone; N = 666 patients), with mixed outcomes. Frequencies of sedative rescue treatments, which could have attenuated potential withdrawal symptoms, were rarely disclosed.ConclusionsDespite the importance and frequency of antipsychotic switching, few studies have specifically investigated outcomes of different switch strategies. General clinical preference appears to utilize gradual switching approaches to avoid potential rebound symptoms. Future research with current and emerging antipsychotics is needed, especially for switching between antipsychotics with different receptor profiles and for switches that are potentially vulnerable to rebound and withdrawal symptoms.

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