Amylmetacresol 600microgram lozenges

Mild to severe sore throat is often associated withe pharyngitis. Lozenges are a traditional treatment of sore throat and reduce discomfort caused by oral inflammation. Amylmetacresol and dichloro-benzylalcohol are topical antiseptics popular Strepsils lozenges. Antibiotics are not recommended for treating sore throat which can be managed by use of local anesthetics as well as topical antiseptics. Present article is an attempt to review the developments in new approach for managing sore throat in clinical conditions.

Abstract licence: CC BY

Abstract: Up to 80% of sore throats are caused by viruses. Several over the counter products are available which provide symptomatic, not causal relief. For such lozenges, containing the antiseptics and local anesthetics amylmetacresol (AMC) and 2,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol (DCBA) or hexylresorcinol (HR), recently an additional virucidal effect was published. Therefore, we tested a set of Strepsils ® lozenges, containing either HR (Max [#2]) or AMC/DCBA (Original [#3], Extra Strong [#4], Warm [#5], Orange and Vitamin C [#6], Sugar free Lemon [#7], Children/Strawberry [#8] and Soothing Honey and Lemon [#9]) for their antiviral efficiency against representatives of respiratory viruses known to cause sore throat: human rhinovirus (HRV) 1a, HRV8, influenza virus A H1N1n, Coxsackievirus A10, and human coronavirus (hCoV) OC43. The lozenges were tested head to head with Coldamaris ® lozenges (#1), which contain the patented antiviral iota-carrageenan. None of the tested AMC/DCBA or HR containing lozenges shows any antiviral effectiveness against HRV8 at the tested concentrations, whereas all are moderately active against HRV1a. Only lozenge #5 shows any activity against hCoV OC43 and Coxsackievirus A10 at the tested concentrations. Similarly, only lozenge #3 is moderately active against influenza A H1N1n virus. The data indicates that neither the isolated effect of the active ingredients nor the pH but rather one or more of the excipients of the specific formulations are responsible for the antiviral effect of some of the AMC/DCBA or HR containing lozenges. In contrast, carrageenan-containing lozenges are highly active against all viruses tested. In another experiment, we showed that binding and inactivation of virus particles by iota-carrageenan are fast and highly effective. During the residence time of the lozenge in the mouth, the viral titer is reduced by 85% and 91% for influenza A virus and hCoV OC43, respectively. Carrageenan-containing lozenges are, therefore, suitable as causative therapy against viral infections of the throat. Keywords: local anesthetics, polymer, antiviral, respiratory viruses

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC

The use of high-pressure hydrogen poses significant challenges, including safety risks, storage problems, and elevated costs. Consequently, developing reductive chemical processes utilizing low-pressure hydrogen is highly appealing for industrial-scale applications. This emphasizes the critical need for sustainable alternatives that offer safer and more accessible reaction conditions. Liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs) are appealing materials due to their capability to generate hydrogen in situ, which can be directly utilized to produce target biofuel precursors, fuels, or fuel additives. Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) is an efficient approach for transforming lignin and its phenolic derivatives into valuable aromatic chemicals and fuels. Herein, we present an alternative HDO of naphthols and phenols using a commercial heterogeneous catalyst, Pd/C, employing formic acid as LOHC. This paper presents a consistent substrate scope for the HDO of different naphthols and phenols, including pharmaceutically relevant molecules such as amylmetacresol and menthol.

Abstract licence: CC BY

This work presents the conceptualization and design of throat lozenges bearing active components from olive leaf extract as a means of valorizing olive leaves. This novel product is a vegan alternative to conventional lozenges and its natural formulation avoids the adverse effects of amylmetacresol, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol, and menthol, which are common ingredients of Strepsils® and Halls® lozenges. A reliable and straightforward methodology for the preparation of natural throat lozenges is herein described. Additionally, this product is compatible with the use of other leaf extracts, allowing the expansion and diversification of the production line. The manufacture process was simulated using Aspen Custom Modeler software and the energy required for the production of the lozenges was determined to be 0.28 kWh per kilogram of product. A preliminary economic analysis revealed that the industrial implementation of this product is viable, and the payback time was estimated at 4 years.

Abstract licence: CC BY

Alkylated phenols hold significant importance in industrial chemistry, as many pharmaceuticals and polymer additives are based on these scaffolds. However, synthesizing these products in a sustainable way is still challenging because stoichiometric amounts of Lewis acids to promote Friedel–Crafts reactions on benzene and phenol derivatives are often employed, together with drastic and unsafe reaction conditions. In this paper, we present a regioselective process to produce ortho-alkylated phenols, with high atom- and step-economy that minimizes the formation of waste associated with it. The key role is pursued by the dual catalytic system palladium on carbon (Pd/C) and scandium trifluoromethanesulfonate (Sc(OTf)3), which together promote the partial hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexenone, while the alcohol is oxidized to aldehyde. The so-formed partners couple in an aldol condensation promoted by Sc(OTf)3, which is then rearomatized in the air atmosphere. Amylmetacresol (antiseptic) was successfully obtained with this protocol in a one-step synthesis for the first time. Moreover, this process permits the recovery and reuse of the Pd/C catalyst for up to 5 runs. This paved the way for the development of a gram scale-up flow protocol associated with this strategy in an innovative tube-in-tube setup.

Abstract licence: CC BY

Wastewaters are considered one of the main sources of pollution in the aquatic environment as release a large number of contaminants every day. Emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals have special interest due to the high levels of consumption by the global population, their bioactive properties and because actual directives do not include the monitoring of pharmaceuticals. Moreover, it is well-known that pharmaceuticals can be degraded to metabolites or transformation products (TPs), which could be more toxic than the parental compound. In this study, we have developed an analytical method based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to determine 76 highly consumed pharmaceuticals, including metabolites and TPs in wastewater effluents. In the 10 wastewaters analysed, the mean concentrations were in the µg L−1 levels, being mycophenolic acid, levodopa, ibuprofen, 4-aminoantypirine, losartan, amylmetacresol, amoxicillin, fluticasone, tramadol, budesonide, chlorpheniramine and diclofenac the pharmaceuticals with the highest concentrations. This study provides a comprehensive optimization on the MS conditions to determine pharmaceutical compounds and their metabolites and provides a spectral characterization to be used for the identification of these compounds in water.

Abstract licence: CC BY