Aluminium sulfate 20% liquid

Every tooth in the arch and the soft tissues around the prepared tooth need to be replicated in the impression. To prevent tearing during impression removal, it is essential to ensure sufficient sulcus width. To date, mechanical, chemico-mechanical, electrosurgical, surgical, and laser methods have been used to accomplish gingival retraction. The purpose of both clinical and laboratory analysis of the efficacies of chemically impregnated retraction cord and polyvinyl siloxane foam retraction systems is based on the relative amount of vertical and horizontal gingival displacement, time of placement, and the presence or absence of bleeding. Methods and materials: A total of 30 participants aged 20-40 years were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial and quality assessment was conducted according to the CONSORT checklist (CTRI/2022/10/046181). In a split-mouth design, retraction was done using 25 % aluminium sulfate-impregnated retraction cords and Magic FoamCord (MFC). The Mann-Whitney and T-tests were used for data analysis. Result: Mann-Whitney Test concluded that for vertical gingival retraction cord and Magic foam at 2nd M are statistically insignificant in all three sites (p > 0.05). The mean horizontal displacement achieved at the second molar and second premolar for retraction cord was 0.36 ± 0.07 mm, which was greater than MFC, 0.24 ± 0.06 mm (p = 0.001; 95 % CI). The T-test used for the time of placement between retraction cord and magic foam cord was significant (p < 0.001). The gingiva was observed for presence or absence of bleeding soon after retrieval of the retraction cord and the MFC. Conclusion: Retraction cords provide greater horizontal displacement but are more time-consuming and traumatic compared to MFC, which is more time-efficient and less invasive. This highlights the need to balance efficacy and efficiency in clinical practice.

Abstract licence: CC BY

This study aims to evaluate the removal of Brilliant Green (BG) and Methyl Violet 2B (MV2B) dyes using aluminum sulfate (AS) in single and binary coagulation-flocculation systems. Several factors were considered in the experimental runs, including AS dosage (5–150 mg/L), initial dye concentration (1–50 mg/L), and pH level (2−10). To improve the effectiveness of AS, some coagulants aid were added to the combined coagulation-flocculation process, including activated carbon (PAC) (0–2 g/L), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) (0–2 g/L), and polymer (0–0.2 mg/L). According to the experimental results, 60 mg/L of aluminum sulfate was the optimum dose for BG (57.39 %) and MV2B (32.45 %) removal at 30 mg/L of initial dye concentration without pH adjustment. The removal of BG and MV2B was reduced more in the acidic and alkaline solutions (pH levels 2 and 10), which was estimated by 64.8 % (pH 2) and 70.25 % (pH 10) for the BG and 45.35 % (pH 2) and 45.52 % (pH 10) for the MV2B. Moreover, the increase in the initial dye concentration leads to decreased treatment efficiency. The combination of AS with coagulants aid confirmed that the CAP obtained high removal efficiency. Whereas, in the binary system, the results with the different coagulant doses confirmed that the maximum efficiency colour removal was obtained, in the binary system with AS alone at (pH of 5.3 and 30 mg/L of the initial dye concentration of each dye), for two optimum doses, which are 130 mg/L and 25 mg/L for BG and MV2B, respectively. The removal efficiency of BG is more considerable than MV2B. Overall results suggest that the coagulation-flocculation of dyes in binary systems could be considered an effective process with socioeconomic and environmental benefits and can give more efficiency in the presence of another process.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC

Most of the water supplied in Brazil comes from water streams that may have higher values for apparent color than turbidity. Treatability trials were performed for color and turbidity removal to evaluate the advantages of coagulation during the charge neutralization mechanism when compared to sweep flocculation for water with those characteristics. There were three types of trials: conventional Jar Test with raw water, with and without filtration, and in a pilot Water Treatment Plant, direct downward filtration, with synthetic water. Auxiliary equipment such as Continuous Flocculation Monitoring Equipment (CFME) and image analysis were used to evaluate the growth of flocs. In the Jar Tests experiments, similar levels of color (61.49%) and turbidity (61.30%) removal were observed, with a lower dosage of coagulant (46 mg/L) in the charge neutralization mechanism compared to the ones with sweep flocculation (58.22% for color and 54.73% for turbidity removal with 52 mg/L of aluminium sulfate). Similar results were found on pilot plant. At filtration rates of 180 and 300 m3 m−2 day−1, sweep flocculation mechanism had shorter filtration cycle (&lt;5 m3) compared to other mechanisms. Therefore, a change in the operation of Water Treatment plants that use a coagulant dosage associated with sweep flocculation can bring advantages such as the reduction of coagulant consumption and sludge productions, as well as the increase of chlorine disinfection and filtration cycles.

Abstract licence: CC BY

Background: Aluminium phosphide (AlP) is an affordable and efficient solid pesticide used for grain storage. Objectives: The present study was designed to determine the outcomes of acute aluminium phosphide toxicity and the role of magnesium sulfate as an antidote. Methodology: The present study was conducted on 53 patients admitted to the Minia Poison Control Center with a history of acute aluminium phosphide toxicity to assess the outcomes and role of magnesium sulfate as an antidote. Only 32 patients manifested AlP toxicity, and they were randomly divided into two groups, A and B, each with 16 patients. Group (A) received magnesium sulfate infusion using the bolus protocol of administering 4 g intravenously, 2 g after one hour, and then 1 g/4 h, in addition to other supportive therapies, while group (B) received only supportive therapy. Results: Mortality occurred in 23 cases: 9 cases (56.25%) from group A and 14 cases (87.5%) from group B. In survivors (no. = 9), serum magnesium levels and ABG parameters were significantly higher than those of non-survivors (no. = 23). There was no statistically significant difference between survivors and non-survivors regarding the treatment with Mg sulfate. According to the simple logistic regression test, the riskiest variables were the ingested amount followed by the PO2. Blood PH, PCO2, and serum Mg level had the highest sensitivity (91.3%) in the prediction of mortality, while PO2 was the most specific predictor (specificity = 88.89). Conclusion: Magnesium sulfate therapy did not improve patient outcomes as the mortality rate reached 72% in the current study, so until now, prevention has been the most valuable management strategy. Future studies are required to identify a suitable antidote for AlP toxicity.

Abstract licence: CC BY

The demand for environmentally friendly natural dyes has risen significantly. This study currently aims to assess the rub-fastness properties of silk and lyocell fabrics that have been dyed using Tinospora cordifolia stem extracts. This dyeing process involves the utilization of both Citrus limon and potassium aluminium sulfate as mordants. To achieve this objective, we have employed the Box-Behnken experimental research design for sample preparation. Our investigation delves into the influence of various processing factors, encompassing dye concentration, time duration, and temperature, on the rubbing fastness attributes of lyocell and silk fabrics treated with Citrus limon extract and alum mordant. The dye, sourced through an aqueous extraction method from Tinospora cordifolia stems, is subsequently employed in dyeing silk and lyocell fabrics, followed by mordanting using the meta-mordanting technique. The assessment of rubbing fastness quality is conducted using the standard test method AATCC 8 for both fabric types. Our experimental findings unveil a notable similarity in rubbing properties between lyocell and silk fabrics dyed with Citrus limon and those treated with potassium aluminium sulfate mordant. Intriguingly, fabric samples treated with Citrus limon mordants exhibit marginally enhanced rubbing (2 to 3 G to 5 G) results when juxtaposed with their counterparts treated with potassium aluminium sulfate mordant. Throughout the experimental course, it becomes evident that both temperature (35 °C, 50 °C, 65 °C) and time (40, 55 and 70 min) exert a significant influence on the wet and dry rubbing fastness characteristics of both silk and lyocell fabrics. Notably, as dyeing time and temperature increase, there is a corresponding rise in fabric dye uptake.

Abstract licence: CC BY-SA

Proteases are large group of highly demanded enzymes having huge application in food and pharmaceutical industries. Numerous sources, including plants, microorganisms, and animals, can be used to obtain protease. Due to its affordability and safety consideration, fermented foods have recently attracted more attention as a source of microbial protease. The present study aimed to extract protease from kinema, partially purify the extracted protease following dialysis after precipitation with ammonium sulfate, and determine general characteristics of protease. The kinema having highest proteolysis activity after three days of control fermentation (Temperature 30±2 °C, RH 66 ± 2%) was taken for the study. About 2.45 fold of purification with overall recovery of 63.21% was achieved after precipitation with ammonium sulfate at 30–70% saturation level followed by dialysis of crude extracted protease. The dialysed kinema protease had specific activity of 7.90 U/mg. The enzyme remained actively functional across a wider pH (5–9) and temperature (40-60 °C) range. SDS-PAGE and Zymogram confirmed the presence of three major active bands respectively of 29.04 kDa, 36.09 kDa and 46.35 kDa in the kinema protease extract. The enzyme kinetics data on casein, fitted to Mechaelis Mentens’ plots showed the protease had Vmax of 1.001 U/ml with corresponding Km value of 0.825 mg/ml. Metal ions such as iron, mercury and aluminium showed the inhibition effect whereas presence of sodium, zinc, and calcium shows the activation effect on protease performance. The enzyme was active over various natural substrates; showing maximal activity on casein, and subsequent to bovine serum albumin, gelatin, hemoglobin and whey protein respectively. Furthermore, molecular weight distribution of the protease extract and activity inhibition with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, suggesting the protease from kinema could be a metal dependent serine protease or mixture of them.

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The percentage of microbial resistance to antibiotics has been remarkably increasing in the last decades. For this reason, there has been an increasing demand for using natural products molecules for medicinal purposes. The current study revealed the antimicrobial activity of aluminium potassium sulfate (alum) against the selected pathogens which includes gram positive and negative bacteria and fungus.Alum inhibits the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus at all concentrations (50,40,30,20, 10 and 5 %). The percentage of microbial resistance to antibiotics has been remarkably increasing in the last decades. For this reason, there has been an increasing demand for using natural products molecules for medicinal purposes. The current study revealed the antimicrobial activity of aluminium potassium sulfate (alum) against the selected pathogens which includes gram positive and negative bacteria and fungus.Alum inhibits the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus at all concentrations (50,40,30,20, 10 and 5 %). However, Vibrio cholera growth was inhibited at the concentrations of (50, 40, 30, 20 and 10 %). The antimicrobial activity of alum against the selected pathogenic fungi (Cryptococcus neoformance , Cryptococcus gattii, Rhizopus micrococcus and Mucor circinelloiles) was measured. The results showed that alum has excellent antimicrobial activity against all the selected pathogenic fungi in all concentrations. With no inhibitory effect against both Rhizopus micrococcus and Mucor circinelloides at the lowest concentration of alum (5%). The growth of fungi is significantly reduced by 4-fold in the presence of alum in comparison with those grown in YPD media alone. Which means that half of antimicrobial activity of alum is due to inhibitory mechanism differ from the acidification. The above results confirmed the antimicrobial activity of alum against the selected pathogens, and proved that the inhibitory activity of alum is not only due to the low pH produced by alum but also to the presence of other inhibitory mechanism of alum. Regarding these results further study is needed to understand the inhibitory mechanisms of alum with neglecting the acidity effect of alum.

Abstract licence: CC BY