Adenosine 5g/500ml solution for infusion bottles
Prescription only
Requires a prescription from a doctor or prescriber
Anti-arrhythmic drugs
Active ingredients:
Adenosine
No active safety alerts
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Source: MHRA Products DatabaseOGL 3.0
Updated 3 months ago(16 Jan 2026)Safety monitoring data
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Clinical guidelines and formulary information
British National Formulary
Adenosine
BNF
Drug monograph — bnf.nice.org.ukSource: British National Formulary, NICE. Joint Formulary Committee. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
NICE clinical guidance(13)
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Codes for healthcare professionals and prescribing systems
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SNOMED CT and dm+d codes from NHS TRUD (Technology Reference data Update Distribution), licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. BNF codes from NHS Business Services Authority (NHSBSA). ATC codes from the WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (whocc.no).
Active and completed clinical studies from ClinicalTrials.gov
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Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH). Data accessed via ClinicalTrials.gov API v2. Trial information is provided for research purposes and does not constitute medical advice.
Pharmacology and chemical data from DrugBank
Key facts
Drug status
Approved
Major interactions
None known
Half-life
Not available
Mechanism
Agonism of adenosine receptors A1 and A2 reduces conduction time in the atrioventricular node of the heart.
Food interactions
1 warning
Human targets
4 targets
Data: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0
Pharmacokinetics at a glance
Absorption
Data regarding the absorption of adenosine are not readily available.
[A229813]
[A229813]
Half-life
10 seconds
The half life of adenosine in blood is less than 10 seconds.
[L31983]
[L31983]
Protein binding
Adenosine is bound to albumin in plasma, however data regarding the extent of binding are not readily available.
[A229808]
[A229808]
Volume of distribution
Data regarding the volume of distribution of adenosine are not readily available.
[A229813]
[A229813]
Metabolism
Adenosine can be phosphorylated by adenosine kinase to form adenosine monophosphate.
[A229788][L31983]…
[A229788][L31983]…
Elimination
Adenosine is predominantly eliminated in the urine as uric acid.
[A229793][L31983]
[A229793][L31983]
Clearance
Data regarding the clearance of adenosine are not readily available.
[A229813]
[A229813]
Pharmacokinetic data: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0
Status:
Approved
Investigational
Small molecule
About this compound
The structure of adenosine was first described in 1931,[A229823] though the vasodilating effects were not described in literature until the 1940s.[A229828] Adenosine is indicated as an adjunct to thallium-201 in myocardial perfusion scintigraphy,[L31983] though it is rarely used in this indication, having largely been replaced by [dipyridamole] and [regadenson].[A229833][A229838] Adenosine is also indicated in the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia.[L31998]
Adenosine was granted FDA approval on 30 October 1989.[L31978]
Adenosine was granted FDA approval on 30 October 1989.[L31978]
Properties:
solid
Avg. mass: 267.24 Da
DrugBank indication
Adenosine is indicated as an adjunct to thallium-201 in myocardial perfusion scintigraphy in patients unable to adequately exercise.
[L31983]
It is also indicated to convert sinus rhythm of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.
[L31998]
[L31983]
It is also indicated to convert sinus rhythm of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.
[L31998]
Also known as(104)
(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol
6-Amino-9-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-9H-purine
9-beta-D-Ribofuranosidoadenine
9-beta-D-Ribofuranosyl-9H-purin-6-amine
9-β-D-ribofuranosyl-9H-purin-6-amine
Ade-Rib
Adenin riboside
Adenine Deoxyribonucleoside
Dosage forms(167)
Cream (Topical) — 0.12 mg/30mL
Liquid (Topical) — 48 mg/120mL
Soap (Topical)
Solution (Intravenous) — 6 mg/2mL
Liquid (Intravenous) — 3 mg / mL
Injection, solution (Intravenous bolus) — 3 mg/ml
Injection (Intravenous) — 6.0 mg/2ml
Solution (Parenteral) — 3 mg/mL
Molecular properties(19)
Drug interactions(698)
Known interactions with other medications. Always consult a healthcare professional.
Ivabradine
Moderate
Ivabradine may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Adenosine.
Nicotine may increase the atrioventricular blocking (AV block) and tachycardic activities of Adenosine.
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with Caffeine.
Theophylline
Moderate
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with Theophylline.
Dyphylline
Moderate
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with Dyphylline.
Pentoxifylline
Moderate
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with Pentoxifylline.
Mercaptopurine
Moderate
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with Mercaptopurine.
Aminophylline
Moderate
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with Aminophylline.
Oxtriphylline
Moderate
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with Oxtriphylline.
Theobromine
Moderate
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with Theobromine.
Fenethylline
Moderate
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with Fenethylline.
8-azaguanine
Moderate
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with 8-azaguanine.
7,9-Dimethylguanine
Moderate
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with 7,9-Dimethylguanine.
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with Xanthine.
7-Deazaguanine
Moderate
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with 7-Deazaguanine.
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with Guanine.
9-Methylguanine
Moderate
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with 9-Methylguanine.
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with Peldesine.
Hypoxanthine
Moderate
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with Hypoxanthine.
9-Deazaguanine
Moderate
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with 9-Deazaguanine.
Propentofylline
Moderate
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with Propentofylline.
Valomaciclovir
Moderate
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with Valomaciclovir.
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-7H-xanthine.
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with Uric acid.
Doxofylline
Moderate
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with Doxofylline.
6-O-benzylguanine
Moderate
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with 6-O-benzylguanine.
Lisofylline
Moderate
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with Lisofylline.
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with Lobucavir.
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with Cafedrine.
Theodrenaline
Moderate
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with Theodrenaline.
Bamifylline
Moderate
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with Bamifylline.
Proxyphylline
Moderate
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with Proxyphylline.
Acefylline
Moderate
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with Acefylline.
Etamiphylline
Moderate
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with Etamiphylline.
Pentifylline
Moderate
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with Pentifylline.
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with Bufylline.
Bromotheophylline
Moderate
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with Bromotheophylline.
Furafylline
Moderate
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with Furafylline.
8-chlorotheophylline
Moderate
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with 8-chlorotheophylline.
The therapeutic efficacy of Adenosine can be decreased when used in combination with PCS-499.
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Digoxin is combined with Adenosine.
Metildigoxin
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Metildigoxin is combined with Adenosine.
Acetyldigoxin
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Acetyldigoxin is combined with Adenosine.
Carbamazepine
Moderate
Carbamazepine may increase the atrioventricular blocking (AV block) activities of Adenosine.
Dipyridamole
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Dipyridamole is combined with Adenosine.
Metoprolol
Moderate
Metoprolol may increase the arrhythmogenic activities of Adenosine.
Lidocaine may increase the arrhythmogenic activities of Adenosine.
Atenolol may increase the arrhythmogenic activities of Adenosine.
Mexiletine
Moderate
Mexiletine may increase the arrhythmogenic activities of Adenosine.
Nisoldipine
Moderate
Nisoldipine may increase the arrhythmogenic activities of Adenosine.
Showing 50 of 698 interactions
Food & lifestyle interactions
Caffeine Notice
Avoid caffeine. Caffeine may antagonise the activity of adenosine.
Toxicity & overdose
Patients experiencing an overdose of adenosine may present with asystole, heart block, or cardiac ischemia; though the effects are generally short lived.
[A187466]
Patients experiencing an overdose should be treated with symptomatic and supportive care, which may include a slow intravenous injection of [theophylline].
[L31983]
The LD50 in mice is >20 g/kg subcutaneously, 500mg/kg intraperitoneally, and 39.6 µg/kg subcutaneously.
[L32048]
[A187466]
Patients experiencing an overdose should be treated with symptomatic and supportive care, which may include a slow intravenous injection of [theophylline].
[L31983]
The LD50 in mice is >20 g/kg subcutaneously, 500mg/kg intraperitoneally, and 39.6 µg/kg subcutaneously.
[L32048]
How it works
Mechanism of action
Agonism of adenosine receptors A1 and A2 reduces conduction time in the atrioventricular node of the heart.[A187466][A229818][L31983] Conduction time is decreased by inducing potassium efflux and inhibiting calcium influx through channels in nerve cells, leading to hyperpolarization and and increased threshold for calcium dependent action potentials.[A187466] Decreased conduction time leads to an antiarrhythmic effect.[A187466] Inhibition of calcium influx, reduces the activity of adenylate cyclase, relaxing vascular smooth muscle.[A229818] Relaxed vascular smooth muscle leads to increased blood flow through normal coronary arteries but not stenotic arteries, allowing thallium-201 to be more readily uptaken in normal coronary arteries.[L31983]
Pharmacodynamics
Adenosine is indicated as an adjunct to thallium-201 in myocardial perfusion scintigraphy and also indicated for conversion of sinus rhythm of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.[L31983][L31998] Adenosine has a short duration of action as the half life is <10 seconds, and a wide therapeutic window.[L31983][L31998] Patients should be counselled regarding the risk of cardiovascular side effects, bronchoconstriction, seizures, and hypersensitivity.[L31983][L31998]
Pharmacokinetics
How the body processes this drug — absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination
Absorption
Data regarding the absorption of adenosine are not readily available.
[A229813]
[A229813]
Half-life
The half life of adenosine in blood is less than 10 seconds.
[L31983]
[L31983]
Protein binding
Adenosine is bound to albumin in plasma, however data regarding the extent of binding are not readily available.
[A229808]
[A229808]
Volume of distribution
Data regarding the volume of distribution of adenosine are not readily available.
[A229813]
[A229813]
Metabolism
Adenosine can be phosphorylated by adenosine kinase to form adenosine monophosphate.
[A229788][L31983]
From there, it is phosphorylated again by adenylate kinase 1 to form adenosine diphosphate, and again by nucleoside diphosphate kinase A or B to form adenosine triphosphate.
[A229788][L31983]
Alternatively, adenosine can be deaminated by adenosine deaminase to form inosine.
[A229788][L31983]
Iosine is phosphorylated by purine nucleoside phosphorylase to form hypoxanthine.
[A229788][L31983]
Hypoxanthine undergoes oxidation by xanthine dehydrogenase twice to form the metabolites xanthine, followed by uric acid.
[A229793][L31983]
[A229788][L31983]
From there, it is phosphorylated again by adenylate kinase 1 to form adenosine diphosphate, and again by nucleoside diphosphate kinase A or B to form adenosine triphosphate.
[A229788][L31983]
Alternatively, adenosine can be deaminated by adenosine deaminase to form inosine.
[A229788][L31983]
Iosine is phosphorylated by purine nucleoside phosphorylase to form hypoxanthine.
[A229788][L31983]
Hypoxanthine undergoes oxidation by xanthine dehydrogenase twice to form the metabolites xanthine, followed by uric acid.
[A229793][L31983]
Route of elimination
Adenosine is predominantly eliminated in the urine as uric acid.
[A229793][L31983]
[A229793][L31983]
Clearance
Data regarding the clearance of adenosine are not readily available.
[A229813]
[A229813]
Drug targets(4)
Proteins and enzymes this drug interacts with in the body
Adenosine receptor A1
ADORA1
agonist
Specific functionG protein-coupled adenosine receptor activity
Cellular location
Cell membrane
General function & pharmacology
Receptor for adenosine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase
Adenosine receptor A2a
ADORA2A
agonist
Specific functionalpha-actinin binding
Cellular location
Cell membrane
General function & pharmacology
Receptor for adenosine (By similarity). The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase (By similarity)
Adenosine receptor A2b
ADORA2B
agonist
Specific functionG protein-coupled adenosine receptor activity
Cellular location
Cell membrane
General function & pharmacology
Receptor for adenosine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase
Adenosine receptor A3
ADORA3
agonist
Specific functionG protein-coupled adenosine receptor activity
Cellular location
Cell membrane
General function & pharmacology
Receptor for adenosine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which inhibits adenylyl cyclase PMID:8234299
Metabolizing enzymes(7)
Enzymes involved in drug metabolism — important for understanding drug interactions
Enzyme activity key
substrate
inhibitor
inducer
AK1Adenylate kinase isoenzyme 1
substrate
NME1Nucleoside diphosphate kinase A
substrate
NME2Nucleoside diphosphate kinase B
substrate
PNPPurine nucleoside phosphorylase
substrate
XDHXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase
substrate
ADAAdenosine deaminase
substrate
ADKAdenosine kinase
substrate
Transporters(8)
Proteins that transport this drug across cell membranes
Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1
SLC29A1
substrate
Specific functionadenine transmembrane transporter activity
Cellular location
Basolateral cell membrane
General function & pharmacology
Uniporter involved in the facilitative transport of nucleosides and nucleobases, and contributes to maintaining their cellular homeostasis .
PMID:10722669 PMID:10755314 PMID:12527552 PMID:14759222 PMID:15037197 PMID:17379602 PMID:21795683 PMID:26406980 PMID:27995448 PMID:35790189 PMID:8986748
Functions as a Na(+)-independent transporter .
PMID:8986748
Involved in the transport of nucleosides such as adenosine, guanosine, inosine, uridine, thymidine and cytidine .
PMID:10722669 PMID:10755314 PMID:12527552 PMID:14759222 PMID:15037197 PMID:17379602 PMID:26406980 PMID:8986748
Also transports purine nucleobases (hypoxanthine, adenine, guanine) and pyrimidine nucleobases (thymine, uracil) .
PMID:21795683 PMID:27995448
Mediates basolateral nucleoside uptake into Sertoli cells, thereby regulating the transport of nucleosides in testis across the blood-testis barrier (By similarity). Regulates inosine levels in brown adipocytes tissues (BAT) and extracellular inosine levels, which controls BAT-dependent energy expenditure PMID:35790189
PMID:10722669 PMID:10755314 PMID:12527552 PMID:14759222 PMID:15037197 PMID:17379602 PMID:21795683 PMID:26406980 PMID:27995448 PMID:35790189 PMID:8986748
Functions as a Na(+)-independent transporter .
PMID:8986748
Involved in the transport of nucleosides such as adenosine, guanosine, inosine, uridine, thymidine and cytidine .
PMID:10722669 PMID:10755314 PMID:12527552 PMID:14759222 PMID:15037197 PMID:17379602 PMID:26406980 PMID:8986748
Also transports purine nucleobases (hypoxanthine, adenine, guanine) and pyrimidine nucleobases (thymine, uracil) .
PMID:21795683 PMID:27995448
Mediates basolateral nucleoside uptake into Sertoli cells, thereby regulating the transport of nucleosides in testis across the blood-testis barrier (By similarity). Regulates inosine levels in brown adipocytes tissues (BAT) and extracellular inosine levels, which controls BAT-dependent energy expenditure PMID:35790189
Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2
SLC29A2
substrate
Specific functionadenine transmembrane transporter activity
Cellular location
Apical cell membrane
General function & pharmacology
Bidirectional uniporter involved in the facilitative transport of nucleosides and nucleobases, and contributes to maintaining their cellular homeostasis .
PMID:10722669 PMID:12527552 PMID:12590919 PMID:16214850 PMID:21795683 PMID:9396714 PMID:9478986
Functions as a Na(+)-independent, passive transporter .
PMID:9478986
Involved in the transport of nucleosides such as inosine, adenosine, uridine, thymidine, cytidine and guanosine .
PMID:10722669 PMID:12527552 PMID:12590919 PMID:16214850 PMID:21795683 PMID:9396714 PMID:9478986
Also able to transport purine nucleobases (hypoxanthine, adenine, guanine) and pyrimidine nucleobases (thymine, uracil) .
PMID:16214850 PMID:21795683
Involved in nucleoside transport at basolateral membrane of kidney cells, allowing liver absorption of nucleoside metabolites .
PMID:12527552
Mediates apical nucleoside uptake into Sertoli cells, thereby regulating the transport of nucleosides in testis across the blood-testis-barrier .
PMID:23639800
Mediates both the influx and efflux of hypoxanthine in skeletal muscle microvascular endothelial cells to control the amount of intracellular hypoxanthine available for xanthine oxidase-mediated ROS production (By similarity)
PMID:10722669 PMID:12527552 PMID:12590919 PMID:16214850 PMID:21795683 PMID:9396714 PMID:9478986
Functions as a Na(+)-independent, passive transporter .
PMID:9478986
Involved in the transport of nucleosides such as inosine, adenosine, uridine, thymidine, cytidine and guanosine .
PMID:10722669 PMID:12527552 PMID:12590919 PMID:16214850 PMID:21795683 PMID:9396714 PMID:9478986
Also able to transport purine nucleobases (hypoxanthine, adenine, guanine) and pyrimidine nucleobases (thymine, uracil) .
PMID:16214850 PMID:21795683
Involved in nucleoside transport at basolateral membrane of kidney cells, allowing liver absorption of nucleoside metabolites .
PMID:12527552
Mediates apical nucleoside uptake into Sertoli cells, thereby regulating the transport of nucleosides in testis across the blood-testis-barrier .
PMID:23639800
Mediates both the influx and efflux of hypoxanthine in skeletal muscle microvascular endothelial cells to control the amount of intracellular hypoxanthine available for xanthine oxidase-mediated ROS production (By similarity)
Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 3
SLC29A3
substrate
Specific functioncytidine transmembrane transporter activity
Cellular location
Lysosome membrane
General function & pharmacology
Uniporter that mediates the facilitative transport of nucleoside across lysosomal and mitochondrial membranes .
PMID:15701636 PMID:19164483 PMID:20595384 PMID:28729424
Functions as a non-electrogenic Na(+)-independent transporter .
PMID:15701636 PMID:19164483 PMID:28729424
Substrate transport is pH-dependent and enhanced under acidic condition, probably reflecting the location of the transporter in acidic intracellular compartments .
PMID:15701636 PMID:19164483 PMID:28729424
Proton is not a cotransporting ion but most likely change the ionization state of the transporter which dictates transport-permissible/impermissible conformation for nucleoside translocation .
PMID:28729424
May direct the nucleoside transport from lysosomes to cytosol or cytosol to mitochondria to facilitate the fundamental function of salvage synthesis of nucleic acids .
PMID:28729424
Involved in the transport of nucleosides (adenosine, guanosine, uridine, thymidine, cytidine and inosine) and deoxynucleosides (deoxyadenosine, deoxycytidine) .
PMID:15701636 PMID:19164483 PMID:20595384 PMID:28729424
Also mediates transport of purine nucleobases (adenine, guanine) and pyrimidine nucleobases (uracil) .
PMID:15701636 PMID:19164483
Also able to transport monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, noradrenaline and tyramine .
PMID:19164483
Capable of transporting ATP .
PMID:19164483
Mediates nucleoside export from lysosomes in macrophages, which regulates macrophage functions and numbers (By similarity)
PMID:15701636 PMID:19164483 PMID:20595384 PMID:28729424
Functions as a non-electrogenic Na(+)-independent transporter .
PMID:15701636 PMID:19164483 PMID:28729424
Substrate transport is pH-dependent and enhanced under acidic condition, probably reflecting the location of the transporter in acidic intracellular compartments .
PMID:15701636 PMID:19164483 PMID:28729424
Proton is not a cotransporting ion but most likely change the ionization state of the transporter which dictates transport-permissible/impermissible conformation for nucleoside translocation .
PMID:28729424
May direct the nucleoside transport from lysosomes to cytosol or cytosol to mitochondria to facilitate the fundamental function of salvage synthesis of nucleic acids .
PMID:28729424
Involved in the transport of nucleosides (adenosine, guanosine, uridine, thymidine, cytidine and inosine) and deoxynucleosides (deoxyadenosine, deoxycytidine) .
PMID:15701636 PMID:19164483 PMID:20595384 PMID:28729424
Also mediates transport of purine nucleobases (adenine, guanine) and pyrimidine nucleobases (uracil) .
PMID:15701636 PMID:19164483
Also able to transport monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, noradrenaline and tyramine .
PMID:19164483
Capable of transporting ATP .
PMID:19164483
Mediates nucleoside export from lysosomes in macrophages, which regulates macrophage functions and numbers (By similarity)
Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 4
SLC29A4
substrate
Specific functionefflux transmembrane transporter activity
Cellular location
Cell membrane
General function & pharmacology
Electrogenic voltage-dependent transporter that mediates the transport of a variety of endogenous bioactive amines, cationic xenobiotics and drugs .
PMID:15448143 PMID:16099839 PMID:16873718 PMID:17018840 PMID:17121826 PMID:20592246 PMID:20858707 PMID:22396231 PMID:31537831
Utilizes the physiologic inside-negative membrane potential as a driving force to facilitate cellular uptake of organic cations .
PMID:15448143 PMID:20592246 PMID:22396231
Functions as a Na(+)- and Cl(-)-independent bidirectional transporter .
PMID:15448143 PMID:16099839 PMID:22396231 PMID:31537831
Substrate transport is pH-dependent and enhanced under acidic condition, which is most likely the result of allosteric changes in the transporter structure .
PMID:16873718 PMID:17018840 PMID:20592246 PMID:22396231 PMID:31537831
Implicated in monoamine neurotransmitters uptake such as serotonin, dopamine, adrenaline/epinephrine, noradrenaline/norepinephrine, histamine and tyramine, thereby supporting a role in homeostatic regulation of aminergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system .
PMID:15448143 PMID:16099839 PMID:17018840 PMID:17121826 PMID:20858707 PMID:22396231
Also responsible for the uptake of bioactive amines and drugs through the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier, from the CSF into choroid plexus epithelial cells, thereby playing a significant role in the clearance of cationic neurotoxins, xenobiotics and metabolic waste in the brain (By similarity). Involved in bidirectional transport of the purine nucleoside adenosine and plays a role in the regulation of extracellular adenosine concentrations in cardiac tissues, in particular during ischemia .
PMID:16873718 PMID:20592246 PMID:31537831
May be involved in organic cation uptake from the tubular lumen into renal tubular cells, thereby contributing to organic cation reabsorption in the kidney .
PMID:17018840
Also transports guanidine PMID:16099839
PMID:15448143 PMID:16099839 PMID:16873718 PMID:17018840 PMID:17121826 PMID:20592246 PMID:20858707 PMID:22396231 PMID:31537831
Utilizes the physiologic inside-negative membrane potential as a driving force to facilitate cellular uptake of organic cations .
PMID:15448143 PMID:20592246 PMID:22396231
Functions as a Na(+)- and Cl(-)-independent bidirectional transporter .
PMID:15448143 PMID:16099839 PMID:22396231 PMID:31537831
Substrate transport is pH-dependent and enhanced under acidic condition, which is most likely the result of allosteric changes in the transporter structure .
PMID:16873718 PMID:17018840 PMID:20592246 PMID:22396231 PMID:31537831
Implicated in monoamine neurotransmitters uptake such as serotonin, dopamine, adrenaline/epinephrine, noradrenaline/norepinephrine, histamine and tyramine, thereby supporting a role in homeostatic regulation of aminergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system .
PMID:15448143 PMID:16099839 PMID:17018840 PMID:17121826 PMID:20858707 PMID:22396231
Also responsible for the uptake of bioactive amines and drugs through the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier, from the CSF into choroid plexus epithelial cells, thereby playing a significant role in the clearance of cationic neurotoxins, xenobiotics and metabolic waste in the brain (By similarity). Involved in bidirectional transport of the purine nucleoside adenosine and plays a role in the regulation of extracellular adenosine concentrations in cardiac tissues, in particular during ischemia .
PMID:16873718 PMID:20592246 PMID:31537831
May be involved in organic cation uptake from the tubular lumen into renal tubular cells, thereby contributing to organic cation reabsorption in the kidney .
PMID:17018840
Also transports guanidine PMID:16099839
Sodium/nucleoside cotransporter 1
SLC28A1
substrate
Specific functionazole transmembrane transporter activity
Cellular location
Cell membrane
General function & pharmacology
Sodium and pyrimidine nucleoside symporter of the plasma membrane that imports uridine, thymidine and cytidine into cells by coupling their transport to the transmembrane sodium electrochemical gradient. Also transports adenosine, an atypical substrate transported with high apparent affinity, but low maximum velocity. Therefore, exhibits the transport characteristics of the nucleoside transport system cit or N2 subtype (N2/cit) .
PMID:10455109 PMID:14701834 PMID:15194733 PMID:21795683 PMID:21998139 PMID:30658162 PMID:32126230 PMID:9124315
Involved in renal nucleoside (re)absorption PMID:30658162
PMID:10455109 PMID:14701834 PMID:15194733 PMID:21795683 PMID:21998139 PMID:30658162 PMID:32126230 PMID:9124315
Involved in renal nucleoside (re)absorption PMID:30658162
Sodium/nucleoside cotransporter 2
SLC28A2
substrate
Specific functionazole transmembrane transporter activity
Cellular location
Membrane
General function & pharmacology
Sodium-dependent and purine-selective transporter .
PMID:10087507 PMID:9435697
Exhibits the transport characteristics of the nucleoside transport system cif or N1 subtype (N1/cif) (selective for purine nucleosides and uridine) .
PMID:10087507 PMID:21795683 PMID:9435697
Plays a critical role in specific uptake and salvage of purine nucleosides in kidney and other tissues .
PMID:9435697
May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable)
PMID:10087507 PMID:9435697
Exhibits the transport characteristics of the nucleoside transport system cif or N1 subtype (N1/cif) (selective for purine nucleosides and uridine) .
PMID:10087507 PMID:21795683 PMID:9435697
Plays a critical role in specific uptake and salvage of purine nucleosides in kidney and other tissues .
PMID:9435697
May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable)
Gap junction alpha-1 protein
GJA1
substrate
Specific functionalpha-tubulin binding
Cellular location
Cell membrane
General function & pharmacology
Gap junction protein that acts as a regulator of bladder capacity. A gap junction consists of a cluster of closely packed pairs of transmembrane channels, the connexons, through which materials of low MW diffuse from one cell to a neighboring cell. May play a critical role in the physiology of hearing by participating in the recycling of potassium to the cochlear endolymph.
Negative regulator of bladder functional capacity: acts by enhancing intercellular electrical and chemical transmission, thus sensitizing bladder muscles to cholinergic neural stimuli and causing them to contract (By similarity). May play a role in cell growth inhibition through the regulation of NOV expression and localization. Plays an essential role in gap junction communication in the ventricles (By similarity)
Negative regulator of bladder functional capacity: acts by enhancing intercellular electrical and chemical transmission, thus sensitizing bladder muscles to cholinergic neural stimuli and causing them to contract (By similarity). May play a role in cell growth inhibition through the regulation of NOV expression and localization. Plays an essential role in gap junction communication in the ventricles (By similarity)
Solute carrier family 28 member 3
SLC28A3
Specific functionnucleoside
Cellular location
Cell membrane
General function & pharmacology
Sodium-dependent, pyrimidine- and purine-selective .
PMID:11032837 PMID:15861042 PMID:16446384 PMID:17140564 PMID:21998139
Involved in the homeostasis of endogenous nucleosides .
PMID:11032837 PMID:15861042
Exhibits the transport characteristics of the nucleoside transport system cib or N3 subtype (N3/cib) (with marked transport of both thymidine and inosine) .
PMID:11032837
Employs a 2:1 sodium/nucleoside ratio .
PMID:11032837
Transports uridine .
PMID:21795683
Also able to transport gemcitabine, 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT), ribavirin and 3-deazauridine PMID:11032837 PMID:17140564
PMID:11032837 PMID:15861042 PMID:16446384 PMID:17140564 PMID:21998139
Involved in the homeostasis of endogenous nucleosides .
PMID:11032837 PMID:15861042
Exhibits the transport characteristics of the nucleoside transport system cib or N3 subtype (N3/cib) (with marked transport of both thymidine and inosine) .
PMID:11032837
Employs a 2:1 sodium/nucleoside ratio .
PMID:11032837
Transports uridine .
PMID:21795683
Also able to transport gemcitabine, 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT), ribavirin and 3-deazauridine PMID:11032837 PMID:17140564
Carriers(1)
Proteins that carry this drug through the body
Albumin
ALB
binder
Specific functionantioxidant activity
Cellular location
Secreted
General function & pharmacology
Binds water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs (Probable). Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood (Probable). Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc .
PMID:19021548
Major calcium and magnesium transporter in plasma, binds approximately 45% of circulating calcium and magnesium in plasma (By similarity).
Potentially has more than two calcium-binding sites and might additionally bind calcium in a non-specific manner (By similarity). The shared binding site between zinc and calcium at residue Asp-273 suggests a crosstalk between zinc and calcium transport in the blood (By similarity). The rank order of affinity is zinc > calcium > magnesium (By similarity).
Binds to the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and inhibits enterobactin-mediated iron uptake of E.coli from ferric transferrin, and may thereby limit the utilization of iron and growth of enteric bacteria such as E.coli .
PMID:6234017
Does not prevent iron uptake by the bacterial siderophore aerobactin PMID:6234017
PMID:19021548
Major calcium and magnesium transporter in plasma, binds approximately 45% of circulating calcium and magnesium in plasma (By similarity).
Potentially has more than two calcium-binding sites and might additionally bind calcium in a non-specific manner (By similarity). The shared binding site between zinc and calcium at residue Asp-273 suggests a crosstalk between zinc and calcium transport in the blood (By similarity). The rank order of affinity is zinc > calcium > magnesium (By similarity).
Binds to the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and inhibits enterobactin-mediated iron uptake of E.coli from ferric transferrin, and may thereby limit the utilization of iron and growth of enteric bacteria such as E.coli .
PMID:6234017
Does not prevent iron uptake by the bacterial siderophore aerobactin PMID:6234017
Biological pathways(29)
metabolic
metabolic
Involved compounds
2-Oxobutanoic Acid,4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid,Adenosine,Adenosine phosphate,ATP,Choline,N,N-dimethylglycine,Pyrophosphoric acid,Flavin adenine dinucleotide,Glycine,Cysteine,L-Homoserine,Methionine,Serine,Magnesium cation,NADH,Potassium cation,Putrescine,Pyridoxal phosphate,Ademetionine,Spermidine,Tetrahydrofolic acid,Zinc
metabolic
Involved compounds
Uric acid,2'-Deoxyguanosine-5'-Monophosphate,Adenine,Adenosine,Adenosine phosphate,ATP,AICA ribonucleotide,5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate,Calcium,Cyclic adenosine monophosphate,Pyrophosphoric acid,Flavin adenine dinucleotide,Glycine,Guanine,Guanosine,Guanosine-5'-Monophosphate,Hypoxanthine,Inosine,Aspartic acid,Glutamic acid,L-Glutamine,Magnesium cation,Maleic acid,Mesoheme,NADH,Potassium cation,Ribose-1-Phosphate,Tetrahydrofolic acid,Xanthine,Zinc
metabolic
Involved compounds
Uric acid,2'-Deoxyguanosine-5'-Monophosphate,Adenine,Adenosine,Adenosine phosphate,ATP,AICA ribonucleotide,5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate,Calcium,Cyclic adenosine monophosphate,Pyrophosphoric acid,Flavin adenine dinucleotide,Glycine,Guanine,Guanosine,Guanosine-5'-Monophosphate,Hypoxanthine,Inosine,Aspartic acid,Glutamic acid,L-Glutamine,Magnesium cation,Maleic acid,Mesoheme,NADH,Potassium cation,Ribose-1-Phosphate,Tetrahydrofolic acid,Xanthine,Zinc
Involved compounds
Uric acid,2'-Deoxyguanosine-5'-Monophosphate,Adenine,Adenosine,Adenosine phosphate,ATP,AICA ribonucleotide,5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate,Calcium,Cyclic adenosine monophosphate,Pyrophosphoric acid,Flavin adenine dinucleotide,Glycine,Guanine,Guanosine,Guanosine-5'-Monophosphate,Hypoxanthine,Inosine,Aspartic acid,Glutamic acid,L-Glutamine,Magnesium cation,Maleic acid,Mesoheme,NADH,Potassium cation,Ribose-1-Phosphate,Tetrahydrofolic acid,Xanthine,Zinc
disease
Involved compounds
Uric acid,2'-Deoxyguanosine-5'-Monophosphate,Adenine,Adenosine,Adenosine phosphate,ATP,AICA ribonucleotide,5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate,Calcium,Cyclic adenosine monophosphate,Pyrophosphoric acid,Flavin adenine dinucleotide,Glycine,Guanine,Guanosine,Guanosine-5'-Monophosphate,Hypoxanthine,Inosine,Aspartic acid,Glutamic acid,L-Glutamine,Magnesium cation,Maleic acid,Mesoheme,NADH,Potassium cation,Ribose-1-Phosphate,Tetrahydrofolic acid,Xanthine,Zinc
Involved compounds
2-Oxobutanoic Acid,4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid,Adenosine,Adenosine phosphate,ATP,Choline,N,N-dimethylglycine,Pyrophosphoric acid,Flavin adenine dinucleotide,Glycine,Cysteine,L-Homoserine,Methionine,Serine,Magnesium cation,NADH,Potassium cation,Putrescine,Pyridoxal phosphate,Ademetionine,Spermidine,Tetrahydrofolic acid,Zinc
Involved compounds
Uric acid,2'-Deoxyguanosine-5'-Monophosphate,Adenine,Adenosine,Adenosine phosphate,ATP,AICA ribonucleotide,5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate,Calcium,Cyclic adenosine monophosphate,Pyrophosphoric acid,Flavin adenine dinucleotide,Glycine,Guanine,Guanosine,Guanosine-5'-Monophosphate,Hypoxanthine,Inosine,Aspartic acid,Glutamic acid,L-Glutamine,Magnesium cation,Maleic acid,Mesoheme,NADH,Potassium cation,Ribose-1-Phosphate,Tetrahydrofolic acid,Xanthine,Zinc
Involved compounds
Uric acid,2'-Deoxyguanosine-5'-Monophosphate,Adenine,Adenosine,Adenosine phosphate,ATP,AICA ribonucleotide,5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate,Calcium,Cyclic adenosine monophosphate,Pyrophosphoric acid,Flavin adenine dinucleotide,Glycine,Guanine,Guanosine,Guanosine-5'-Monophosphate,Hypoxanthine,Inosine,Aspartic acid,Glutamic acid,L-Glutamine,Magnesium cation,Maleic acid,Mesoheme,NADH,Potassium cation,Ribose-1-Phosphate,Tetrahydrofolic acid,Xanthine,Zinc
Involved compounds
2-Oxobutanoic Acid,4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid,Adenosine,Adenosine phosphate,ATP,Choline,N,N-dimethylglycine,Pyrophosphoric acid,Flavin adenine dinucleotide,Glycine,Cysteine,L-Homoserine,Methionine,Serine,Magnesium cation,NADH,Potassium cation,Putrescine,Pyridoxal phosphate,Ademetionine,Spermidine,Tetrahydrofolic acid,Zinc
Involved compounds
Uric acid,2'-Deoxyguanosine-5'-Monophosphate,Adenine,Adenosine,Adenosine phosphate,ATP,AICA ribonucleotide,5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate,Calcium,Cyclic adenosine monophosphate,Pyrophosphoric acid,Flavin adenine dinucleotide,Glycine,Guanine,Guanosine,Guanosine-5'-Monophosphate,Hypoxanthine,Inosine,Aspartic acid,Glutamic acid,L-Glutamine,Magnesium cation,Maleic acid,Mesoheme,NADH,Potassium cation,Ribose-1-Phosphate,Tetrahydrofolic acid,Xanthine,Zinc
Involved compounds
2-Oxobutanoic Acid,4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid,Adenosine,Adenosine phosphate,ATP,Choline,N,N-dimethylglycine,Pyrophosphoric acid,Flavin adenine dinucleotide,Glycine,Cysteine,L-Homoserine,Methionine,Serine,Magnesium cation,NADH,Potassium cation,Putrescine,Pyridoxal phosphate,Ademetionine,Spermidine,Tetrahydrofolic acid,Zinc
Involved compounds
2-Oxobutanoic Acid,4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid,Adenosine,Adenosine phosphate,ATP,Choline,N,N-dimethylglycine,Pyrophosphoric acid,Flavin adenine dinucleotide,Glycine,Cysteine,L-Homoserine,Methionine,Serine,Magnesium cation,NADH,Potassium cation,Putrescine,Pyridoxal phosphate,Ademetionine,Spermidine,Tetrahydrofolic acid,Zinc
Involved compounds
2-Oxobutanoic Acid,4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid,Adenosine,Adenosine phosphate,ATP,Choline,N,N-dimethylglycine,Pyrophosphoric acid,Flavin adenine dinucleotide,Glycine,Cysteine,L-Homoserine,Methionine,Serine,Magnesium cation,NADH,Potassium cation,Putrescine,Pyridoxal phosphate,Ademetionine,Spermidine,Tetrahydrofolic acid,Zinc
disease
Involved compounds
2-Oxobutanoic Acid,4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid,Adenosine,Adenosine phosphate,ATP,Choline,N,N-dimethylglycine,Pyrophosphoric acid,Flavin adenine dinucleotide,Glycine,Cysteine,L-Homoserine,Methionine,Serine,Magnesium cation,NADH,Potassium cation,Putrescine,Pyridoxal phosphate,Ademetionine,Spermidine,Tetrahydrofolic acid,Zinc
disease
Involved compounds
Uric acid,2'-Deoxyguanosine-5'-Monophosphate,Adenine,Adenosine,Adenosine phosphate,ATP,AICA ribonucleotide,5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate,Calcium,Cyclic adenosine monophosphate,Pyrophosphoric acid,Flavin adenine dinucleotide,Glycine,Guanine,Guanosine,Guanosine-5'-Monophosphate,Hypoxanthine,Inosine,Aspartic acid,Glutamic acid,L-Glutamine,Magnesium cation,Maleic acid,Mesoheme,NADH,Potassium cation,Ribose-1-Phosphate,Tetrahydrofolic acid,Xanthine,Zinc
Involved compounds
Uric acid,2'-Deoxyguanosine-5'-Monophosphate,Adenine,Adenosine,Adenosine phosphate,ATP,AICA ribonucleotide,5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate,Calcium,Cyclic adenosine monophosphate,Pyrophosphoric acid,Flavin adenine dinucleotide,Glycine,Guanine,Guanosine,Guanosine-5'-Monophosphate,Hypoxanthine,Inosine,Aspartic acid,Glutamic acid,L-Glutamine,Magnesium cation,Maleic acid,Mesoheme,NADH,Potassium cation,Ribose-1-Phosphate,Tetrahydrofolic acid,Xanthine,Zinc
Involved compounds
Uric acid,2'-Deoxyguanosine-5'-Monophosphate,Adenine,Adenosine,Adenosine phosphate,ATP,AICA ribonucleotide,5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate,Azathioprine,Calcium,Cyclic adenosine monophosphate,Pyrophosphoric acid,Flavin adenine dinucleotide,Glycine,Guanine,Guanosine,Guanosine-5'-Monophosphate,Hypoxanthine,Inosine,Aspartic acid,Glutamic acid,L-Glutamine,Magnesium cation,Maleic acid,Mercaptopurine,Mesoheme,NADH,Potassium cation,Ribose-1-Phosphate,Ademetionine,Tetrahydrofolic acid,Xanthine,Zinc
Involved compounds
Uric acid,2'-Deoxyguanosine-5'-Monophosphate,Adenine,Adenosine,Adenosine phosphate,ATP,AICA ribonucleotide,5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate,Calcium,Cyclic adenosine monophosphate,Pyrophosphoric acid,Flavin adenine dinucleotide,Glycine,Guanine,Guanosine,Guanosine-5'-Monophosphate,Hypoxanthine,Inosine,Aspartic acid,Glutamic acid,L-Glutamine,Magnesium cation,Maleic acid,Mercaptopurine,Mesoheme,NADH,Potassium cation,Ribose-1-Phosphate,Ademetionine,Tetrahydrofolic acid,Xanthine,Zinc
Involved compounds
Uric acid,2'-Deoxyguanosine-5'-Monophosphate,Adenine,Adenosine,Adenosine phosphate,ATP,AICA ribonucleotide,5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate,Calcium,Cyclic adenosine monophosphate,Pyrophosphoric acid,Flavin adenine dinucleotide,Glycine,Guanine,Guanosine,Guanosine-5'-Monophosphate,Hypoxanthine,Inosine,Aspartic acid,Glutamic acid,L-Glutamine,Magnesium cation,Maleic acid,Mercaptopurine,Mesoheme,NADH,Potassium cation,Ribose-1-Phosphate,Ademetionine,Tetrahydrofolic acid,Tioguanine,Xanthine,Zinc
disease
Involved compounds
Uric acid,2'-Deoxyguanosine-5'-Monophosphate,Adenine,Adenosine,Adenosine phosphate,ATP,AICA ribonucleotide,5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate,Calcium,Cyclic adenosine monophosphate,Pyrophosphoric acid,Flavin adenine dinucleotide,Glycine,Guanine,Guanosine,Guanosine-5'-Monophosphate,Hypoxanthine,Inosine,Aspartic acid,Glutamic acid,L-Glutamine,Magnesium cation,Maleic acid,Mesoheme,NADH,Potassium cation,Ribose-1-Phosphate,Tetrahydrofolic acid,Xanthine,Zinc
disease
Involved compounds
Uric acid,2'-Deoxyguanosine-5'-Monophosphate,Adenine,Adenosine,Adenosine phosphate,ATP,AICA ribonucleotide,5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate,Calcium,Cyclic adenosine monophosphate,Pyrophosphoric acid,Flavin adenine dinucleotide,Glycine,Guanine,Guanosine,Guanosine-5'-Monophosphate,Hypoxanthine,Inosine,Aspartic acid,Glutamic acid,L-Glutamine,Magnesium cation,Maleic acid,Mesoheme,NADH,Potassium cation,Ribose-1-Phosphate,Tetrahydrofolic acid,Xanthine,Zinc
Involved compounds
Uric acid,2'-Deoxyguanosine-5'-Monophosphate,Adenine,Adenosine,Adenosine phosphate,ATP,AICA ribonucleotide,5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate,Calcium,Cyclic adenosine monophosphate,Pyrophosphoric acid,Flavin adenine dinucleotide,Glycine,Guanine,Guanosine,Guanosine-5'-Monophosphate,Hypoxanthine,Inosine,Aspartic acid,Glutamic acid,L-Glutamine,Magnesium cation,Maleic acid,Mesoheme,NADH,Potassium cation,Ribose-1-Phosphate,Tetrahydrofolic acid,Xanthine,Zinc
Involved compounds
Uric acid,2'-Deoxyguanosine-5'-Monophosphate,Adenine,Adenosine,Adenosine phosphate,ATP,AICA ribonucleotide,5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate,Calcium,Cyclic adenosine monophosphate,Pyrophosphoric acid,Flavin adenine dinucleotide,Glycine,Guanine,Guanosine,Guanosine-5'-Monophosphate,Hypoxanthine,Inosine,Aspartic acid,Glutamic acid,L-Glutamine,Magnesium cation,Maleic acid,Mesoheme,NADH,Potassium cation,Ribose-1-Phosphate,Tetrahydrofolic acid,Xanthine,Zinc
Involved compounds
Uric acid,2'-Deoxyguanosine-5'-Monophosphate,Adenine,Adenosine,Adenosine phosphate,ATP,AICA ribonucleotide,5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate,Calcium,Cyclic adenosine monophosphate,Pyrophosphoric acid,Flavin adenine dinucleotide,Glycine,Guanine,Guanosine,Guanosine-5'-Monophosphate,Hypoxanthine,Inosine,Aspartic acid,Glutamic acid,L-Glutamine,Magnesium cation,Maleic acid,Mesoheme,NADH,Potassium cation,Ribose-1-Phosphate,Tetrahydrofolic acid,Xanthine,Zinc
Homocystinuria-Megaloblastic Anemia Due to Defect in Cobalamin Metabolism, cblG Complementation Type
disease
Involved compounds
2-Oxobutanoic Acid,4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid,Adenosine,Adenosine phosphate,ATP,Choline,N,N-dimethylglycine,Pyrophosphoric acid,Flavin adenine dinucleotide,Glycine,Cysteine,L-Homoserine,Methionine,Serine,Magnesium cation,NADH,Potassium cation,Putrescine,Pyridoxal phosphate,Ademetionine,Spermidine,Tetrahydrofolic acid,Zinc
Scientific references(10)
Boison D., Yegutkin G.G.
Adenosine Metabolism: Emerging Concepts for Cancer Therapy.
Cancer Cell
2019 Dec 936(6):582-596. doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.10.007
Maiuolo J., Oppedisano F., Gratteri S., Muscoli C., Mollace V.
Regulation of uric acid metabolism and excretion.
International Journal Cardiology
2016 Jun 15213:8-14. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.08.109. Epub 2015 Aug 14
Cui F., Wang J., Li F., Fan J., Qu G., Yao X., Lei B.
Investigation of the Interaction between Adenosine and Human Serum Albumin by Fluorescent Spectroscopy and Molecular Modeling.
Chinese Journal of Chemistry
200826(4):661-665. doi: 10.1002/cjoc.200890125
Singh S., McKintosh R.
Mckintosh, His Honour Ian Stanley, (born 23 April 1938), a Circuit Judge, 1988–2007. Who's Who. 2007. doi: 10.1093/ww/9780199540884.
013
25957
Uematsu T., Kozawa O., Matsuno H., Niwa M., Yoshikoshi H., Oh-uchi M., Kohno K., Nagashima S., Kanamaru M.
Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of intravenous infusion of adenosine (SUNY4001) in healthy volunteers.
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
2000 Aug50(2):177-81. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.2000.00214.x
Iskandrian A.S.
Adenosine Myocardial Perfusion Imaging.
Current Medical Imaging Reviews
20062(3):315-327. doi: 10.2174/157340506777934534
Levene P.A., Tipson R.S.
THE RING STRUCTURE OF ADENOSINE.
Science
1931 Nov 2074(1925):521. doi: 10.1126/science.74.1925.521
SINGHER H.O., MILLMAN N.
Studies on Uterine Metabolism.
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Adenosinetriphosphatase Activity of Smooth Muscle. Experimental Biology and Medicine. 194766(2):472-474. doi: 10.3181/00379727-66-16127
Notghi A., Low C.S.
Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy: past, present and future.
British Journal Radiology
2011 Dec84 Spec No 3:S229-36. doi: 10.1259/bjr/14625142
Palani G., Ananthasubramaniam K.
Regadenoson: review of its established role in myocardial perfusion imaging and emerging applications.
Cardiology Review
2013 Jan-Feb21(1):42-8. doi: 10.1097/CRD.0b013e3182613db6
ATC classification(1 code)
ATC C01EB10
Affected organisms(1)
Humans and other mammals
International brands(12)
Experimental properties(2)
Protein Data Bank entries(210)
1bx4
1d4f
1dgm
1fmo
1ho5
1jdv
1jg2
1jg3
1lii
1lik
1mrg
1mrj
1muo
1n3z
1odi
1pg2
1pk7
1q97
1rmt
1uay
1v8b
1vhw
1wu8
1xwf
1yi4
1z37
2a8t
2ac7
2b82
2b8j
2c49
2doj
2ejf
2ejg
2eva
2fqy
2gl0
2jc9
2kqd
2kqe
2oa1
2pgf
2pkm
2q6k
2q83
2w03
2x0p
2x1l
2ydo
2zbu
2zbv
2zgw
3axz
3ay0
3ce6
3f8w
3fuu
3grv
3kw2
3o0q
3o1c
3o1x
3oi8
3ond
3qgz
3qwu
3req
3u40
3uaw
3uay
3ubo
3uq6
3vaq
3vas
3wdm
3ztv
4cki
4ckj
4d9h
4dc3
4dt8
4dta
4e3a
4h2f
4h2g
4ima
4ip7
4jks
4jku
4k87
4k8c
4k8k
4k8p
4k8t
4k93
4k9c
4k9i
4kad
4kah
4kal
4kan
4kbe
4ktv
4lbg
4lbx
4lc4
4lca
4lvc
4n09
4o0s
4o0u
4o0w
4o8j
4ogr
4pd9
4pev
4pfj
4pgf
4uci
4x3m
4xdr
4xj7
4zme
5a1i
5aqf
5aqy
5axa
5b6i
5hji
5hm8
5kb5
5kb6
5km9
5lvn
5lw1
5m5k
5m66
5mvs
5tdm
5tdz
5tow
5us8
5utu
5uvm
5v96
5xoo
6aph
6bni
6bq4
6d9h
6exi
6f3m
6f3n
6fbo
6fbp
6fcd
6fek
6gbn
6hxs
6j5z
6nrz
6p9v
6rvz
6shu
6so9
6ttp
6uk3
6wks
6y9u
6ymj
7bf3
7dcw
7f7c
7f7d
7ld3
7ld4
7mxc
7o5l
7o5m
7p7f
7r39
7t6f
7zd0
7zd1
7zd2
7zd3
7zd4
7zd7
7zd8
7zd9
8ajs
8ajt
8aju
8ajw
8axz
8azf
8bzv
8c4m
8ewy
8g1u
8hdp
8jzg
8pe3
8pyx
8ser
8sey
8wm0
8wz7
8x41
8yh2
Commercial products(1158)
Chemical identifiers
CAS, UNII, InChI Key and database cross-references
Show
Chemical identifiers
CAS, UNII, InChI Key and database cross-references
Linked compound data from DrugBank Open Data (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Adenosine
Additional database identifiers
Drugs Product Database (DPD)
4732
ChemSpider
54923
BindingDB
14487
PDB
ADN
ZINC
ZINC000002169830
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:262
GenAtlas
ADORA1
GeneCards
ADORA1
GenBank Gene Database
S45235
GenBank Protein Database
256155
Guide to Pharmacology
18
UniProt Accession
AA1R_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:263
GenAtlas
ADORA2A
GeneCards
ADORA2A
GenBank Gene Database
M97370
GenBank Protein Database
177892
Guide to Pharmacology
19
UniProt Accession
AA2AR_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:264
GenAtlas
ADORA2B
GeneCards
ADORA2B
GenBank Gene Database
M97759
GenBank Protein Database
178150
Guide to Pharmacology
20
UniProt Accession
AA2BR_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:268
GenAtlas
ADORA3
GeneCards
ADORA3
GenBank Gene Database
L20463
GenBank Protein Database
349449
Guide to Pharmacology
21
UniProt Accession
AA3R_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:361
GenAtlas
AK1
GeneCards
AK1
GenBank Gene Database
J04809
GenBank Protein Database
178322
UniProt Accession
KAD1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:7849
GenAtlas
NME1
GeneCards
NME1
GenBank Gene Database
X75598
UniProt Accession
NDKA_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:7850
GenAtlas
NME2
GeneCards
NME2
GenBank Gene Database
X58965
UniProt Accession
NDKB_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:7892
GenAtlas
NP
GeneCards
PNP
GenBank Gene Database
X00737
GenBank Protein Database
35565
Guide to Pharmacology
2841
UniProt Accession
PNPH_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:12805
GenAtlas
XDH
GeneCards
XDH
GenBank Gene Database
D11456
GenBank Protein Database
10336525
Guide to Pharmacology
2646
UniProt Accession
XDH_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:186
GenAtlas
ADA
GeneCards
ADA
GenBank Gene Database
X02994
GenBank Protein Database
28380
Guide to Pharmacology
1230
UniProt Accession
ADA_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:257
GeneCards
ADK
GenBank Gene Database
U50196
GenBank Protein Database
1224125
Guide to Pharmacology
1231
UniProt Accession
ADK_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:399
GenAtlas
ALB
GeneCards
ALB
GenBank Gene Database
V00494
GenBank Protein Database
28590
UniProt Accession
ALBU_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:11003
GenAtlas
SLC29A1
GeneCards
SLC29A1
GenBank Gene Database
U81375
GenBank Protein Database
1845345
Guide to Pharmacology
1117
UniProt Accession
S29A1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:11004
GeneCards
SLC29A2
UniProt Accession
S29A2_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:23096
GeneCards
SLC29A3
UniProt Accession
S29A3_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:23097
GeneCards
SLC29A4
Guide to Pharmacology
1120
UniProt Accession
S29A4_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:11001
GeneCards
SLC28A1
UniProt Accession
S28A1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:11002
GeneCards
SLC28A2
Guide to Pharmacology
1115
UniProt Accession
S28A2_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:4274
GenAtlas
GJA1
GeneCards
GJA1
GenBank Gene Database
X52947
GenBank Protein Database
29917
UniProt Accession
CXA1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:16484
GeneCards
SLC28A3
GenBank Gene Database
AF305210
GenBank Protein Database
10732815
Guide to Pharmacology
1116
UniProt Accession
S28A3_HUMAN
International reference pricing
5 formulations
Reference pricing from DrugBank. Prices are indicative and may not reflect current UK costs.
From $8.10/ml
To $19.74/g
Adenosine 6 mg/2 ml vial
$8.10/ml
Adenosine 12 mg/4 ml vial
$8.44/ml
Adenoscan 3 mg/ml vial
$10.09/ml
Adenosine powder
$15.86/g
Adenosine-5 monophosphate
$19.74/g
Source: DrugBank. Used under CC BY-NC 4.0 academic licence for non-commercial purposes.
Patent information
All patents expired, 1 expired
5731296
United States
Approved 24 Mar 1998 · Expires 24 Mar 2015
Expired
Patent protection has expired — generic versions may be available.
Source: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0. Patent data sourced from national patent offices. Expiry dates may not reflect extensions, regulatory exclusivity periods, or legal challenges.
DrugBank citations
If you use DrugBank data in your research, please cite the following publications:
Knox C., Wilson M., Klinger C.M., et al
DrugBank 6.
0: the DrugBank Knowledgebase for 2024
Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 552(D1):D1265-D1275
Wishart D.S., Feunang Y.D., Guo A.C., et al
DrugBank 5.
0: a major update to the DrugBank database for 2018
Nucleic Acids Res. 2017 Nov 846(D1):D1074-D1082
Show earlier publications
Law V., Knox C., Djoumbou Y., et al
DrugBank 4.
0: shedding new light on drug metabolism
Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 Jan 142(1):D1091-7
Knox C., Law V., Jewison T., et al
DrugBank 3.
0: a comprehensive resource for 'omics' research on drugs
Nucleic Acids Res. 2011 Jan39(Database issue):D1035-41
Wishart D.S., Knox C., Guo A.C., et al
DrugBank: a knowledgebase for drugs, drug actions and drug targets.
Nucleic Acids Research
2008 Jan36(Database issue):D901-6
Wishart D.S., Knox C., Guo A.C., et al
DrugBank: a comprehensive resource for in silico drug discovery and exploration.
Nucleic Acids Research
2006 Jan 134(Database issue):D668-72
Source: go.drugbank.comCC BY-NC 4.0
Updated 26 days ago(8 Mar 2026)