Acetylcholine chloride 20mg powder and solvent for solution for intraocular irrigation ampoules
Requires a prescription from a doctor or prescriber
Shortage warning
Current supply issues
High shortage warning
Healthcare professionals should be aware of the potential for delayed onset of angioedema and the distinction between bradykinin- and histamine-mediated cases, as treatment strategies differ significantly and bradykinin-medi…
Affected areas: UK
Official documents, adverse reaction reporting, and safety monitoring
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Yellow Card reports
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Suspected adverse reactions reported for Acetylcholine
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Suspected adverse reactions reported for Acetylcholine
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Miphtel 20mg powder and solvent for solution for intraocular irrigation ampoules
Therapeutically similar medicines
Similarity is based on WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification and on a factual NHS dm+d therapeutic-grouping code prefix. Source data: NHS dm+d via TRUD (OGL v3.0), WHO ATC/DDD Index.
NHS prescribing volume and spending trends
Guidelines from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
NICE clinical guidance(5)
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Source: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
Check stock at pharmacies and supply information
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Search for this medicine at major UK pharmacy chains. These links open the retailer's own website — results depend on their current online catalogue.
Supply & safety information
Official UK regulator monitoring and safety alerts
Pharmacy links redirect to the retailer's own search and do not represent real-time stock levels. Shortage and safety information sourced from MHRA drug safety updates (gov.uk, Crown Copyright under OGL v3.0).
Codes for healthcare professionals and prescribing systems
These codes are used by healthcare IT systems and prescribers to identify this medicine.
NHS UK identifiers
Browse tools
SNOMED CT and dm+d codes from NHS TRUD (Technology Reference data Update Distribution), licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. BNF code shown is the factual mapping value distributed by NHS Business Services Authority (NHSBSA) in the dm+d supplementary file under OGL v3.0; it is not affiliated with, nor licensed from, the publishers of the British National Formulary. ATC codes from the WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (whocc.no).
Active and completed clinical studies from ClinicalTrials.gov
Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH). Data accessed via ClinicalTrials.gov API v2. Trial information is provided for research purposes and does not constitute medical advice.
Academic studies and reviews for this medicine's active substance
Showing all 30 studies.
Reviews & meta-analyses: 15 · 1949–2021
Showing all 30 studies, sorted by most relevant.
M. Zoli, Susanna Pucci, A. Vilella, et al.
Current Neuropharmacology, 2018
- Binding Sites
- Neurons
- Receptors, Nicotinic
Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) belong to a super-family of Cysloop ligand-gated ion channels that respond to endogenous acetylcholine (ACh) or other cholinergic ligands. These receptors are also the targets of drugs such as nicotine (the main addictive agent delivered by cigarette smoke) and are involved in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Numerous studies have shown that the expression and/or function of nAChRs is compromised in many neurological and psychiatric diseases. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that neuronal nAChRs are found in a large number of nonneuronal cell types including endothelial cells, glia, immune cells, lung epithelia and cancer cells where they regulate cell differentiation, proliferation and inflammatory responses. The aim of this review is to describe the most recent findings concerning the structure and function of native nAChRs inside and outside the nervous system. Keywords: Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes, subunit composition, ligand binding site, stochiometry, nonneuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, knockout and knockout in mice.
Abstract licence: CC BY
Maureen A. Cox, C. Bassi, M. Saunders, et al.
Journal of Internal Medicine, 2019
- Acetylcholine
- Cell Movement
- Immune System
E. Albuquerque, E. Pereira, M. Alkondon, et al.
Physiological reviews, 2009
- Alzheimer Disease
- Brain
- Disease Models, Animal
M. Hasselmo
Current opinion in neurobiology, 2006
- Acetylcholine
- Action Potentials
- Afferent Pathways
M. Caulfield, N. Birdsall
Pharmacological reviews, 1998
- Receptors, Muscarinic
- Signal Transduction
M. Picciotto, M. Higley, Y. Mineur
Neuron, 2012
- Acetylcholine
- Neurons
- Signal Transduction
J. Dani, D. Bertrand
Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology, 2007
- Alzheimer Disease
- Brain
- Epilepsy
D. McGehee, L. Role
Annual review of physiology, 1995
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Calcium
- Cloning, Molecular
C. Gotti, M. Zoli, F. Clementi
Trends in pharmacological sciences, 2006
- Binding Sites
- Brain
- Ligands
I. Wessler, C. Kirkpatrick
British Journal of Pharmacology, 2008
- Acetylcholine
- Inflammation
- Neurons
Sources: aggregated from Europe PMC (EMBL-EBI), OpenAlex, Crossref, PubMed and other open scholarly databases. Retracted articles are excluded. Study information is provided for research purposes and does not constitute medical advice.
Pharmacology and chemical data from DrugBank
Key facts
Drug status
Approved
Major interactions
None known
Half-life
Not available
Mechanism
Not available
Food interactions
None known
Human targets
5 targets
Data: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0
Pharmacokinetics at a glance
Known interactions with other medications. Always consult a healthcare professional.
Showing 50 of 171 interactions
Proteins and enzymes this drug interacts with in the body
PMID:15609996 PMID:33735609 PMID:8145738
CHRNA7 forms homopentameric neuronal acetylcholine receptors abundantly expressed in the central nervous system, characterized by fast desensitization and high calcium permeability .
PMID:31560909 PMID:33735609 PMID:38382524 PMID:8145738
Also forms heteropentamers with CHRNB2, mainly expressed in basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. Involved in the modulation of calcium-dependent signaling pathways and influences the release of neurotransmitters, including dopamine, glutamate and GABA .
PMID:33239400
Also expressed in non-neuronal cells such as immune cells like lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages .
PMID:12508119 PMID:16968406 PMID:25259522
In T cells, activation induces metabotropic signaling that results in an increase of intracellular Ca2+ concentrations, independent of ionotropic receptor functions .
PMID:17709503
In macrophages, required for acetylcholine-mediated inhibition of TNF and other inflammatory cytokine release .
PMID:12508119
Once activated by acetylcholine, nicotine or other agonists, selectively inhibits production of pro-inflammatory cytokines while leaving anti-inflammatory cytokines undisturbed .
PMID:12508119 PMID:25259522
Stimulates the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, controlling inflammation by inhibiting NFKB nuclear translocation and activating the JAK2-STAT3 pathway, independently of ion channel activity .
PMID:16968406 PMID:25259522
Also expressed in the urothelium where it modulates reflex bladder activity by increasing intracellular calcium through internal stores and decreasing basal ATP release (By similarity)
Enzymes involved in drug metabolism — important for understanding drug interactions
Proteins that transport this drug across cell membranes
PMID:10454528 PMID:10525100 PMID:10966938 PMID:17509700 PMID:20722056 PMID:33124720
Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium.
Relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 11.3 .
PMID:10454528 PMID:10525100 PMID:10966938
In intestinal epithelia, transports the quorum-sensing pentapeptide CSF (competence and sporulation factor) from B.subtilis which induces cytoprotective heat shock proteins contributing to intestinal homeostasis .
PMID:18005709
May also contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable)
PMID:11388889 PMID:11408531 PMID:12439218 PMID:12719534 PMID:15389554 PMID:16263091 PMID:16272756 PMID:16581093 PMID:19536068 PMID:21128598 PMID:23680637 PMID:24961373 PMID:34040533 PMID:9187257 PMID:9260930 PMID:9655880
Functions as a pH- and Na(+)-independent, bidirectional transporter (By similarity). Cation cellular uptake or release is driven by the electrochemical potential (i.e. membrane potential and concentration gradient) and substrate selectivity (By similarity). Hydrophobicity is a major requirement for recognition in polyvalent substrates and inhibitors (By similarity).
Primarily expressed at the basolateral membrane of hepatocytes and proximal tubules and involved in the uptake and disposition of cationic compounds by hepatic and renal clearance from the blood flow (By similarity). Most likely functions as an uptake carrier in enterocytes contributing to the intestinal elimination of organic cations from the systemic circulation .
PMID:16263091
Transports endogenous monoamines such as N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), guanidine, histamine, neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin and adrenaline .
PMID:12439218 PMID:24961373 PMID:35469921 PMID:9260930
Also transports natural polyamines such as spermidine, agmatine and putrescine at low affinity, but relatively high turnover .
PMID:21128598
Involved in the hepatic uptake of vitamin B1/thiamine, hence regulating hepatic lipid and energy metabolism .
PMID:24961373
Mediates the bidirectional transport of acetylcholine (ACh) at the apical membrane of ciliated cell in airway epithelium, thereby playing a role in luminal release of ACh from bronchial epithelium .
PMID:15817714
Transports dopaminergic neuromodulators cyclo(his-pro) and salsolinol with lower efficency .
PMID:17460754
Also capable of transporting non-amine endogenous compounds such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-alpha) .
PMID:11907186
May contribute to the transport of cationic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Also involved in the uptake of xenobiotics tributylmethylammonium (TBuMA), quinidine, N-methyl-quinine (NMQ), N-methyl-quinidine (NMQD) N-(4,4-azo-n-pentyl)-quinuclidine (APQ), azidoprocainamide methoiodide (AMP), N-(4,4-azo-n-pentyl)-21-deoxyajmalinium (APDA) and 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium (ASP) PMID:11408531 PMID:15389554 PMID:35469921 PMID:9260930
Involved compounds
Involved compounds
Involved compounds
ATC S01EB09
Chemical identifiers
CAS, UNII, InChI Key and database cross-references
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Chemical identifiers
CAS, UNII, InChI Key and database cross-references
Linked compound data from DrugBank Open Data (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Acetylcholine
Additional database identifiers
Drugs Product Database (DPD)
4957
ChemSpider
182
BindingDB
10759
PDB
ACH
Guide to Pharmacology
294
ZINC
ZINC000003079336
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1950
GenAtlas
CHRM1
GeneCards
CHRM1
GenBank Gene Database
X52068
GenBank Protein Database
34451
Guide to Pharmacology
13
UniProt Accession
ACM1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1951
GenAtlas
CHRM2
GeneCards
CHRM2
GenBank Gene Database
M16404
GenBank Protein Database
177990
Guide to Pharmacology
14
UniProt Accession
ACM2_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1952
GenAtlas
CHRM3
GeneCards
CHRM3
GenBank Gene Database
X15266
GenBank Protein Database
32324
Guide to Pharmacology
15
UniProt Accession
ACM3_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1953
GenAtlas
CHRM4
GeneCards
CHRM4
GenBank Gene Database
M16405
GenBank Protein Database
61970253
Guide to Pharmacology
16
UniProt Accession
ACM4_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1960
GenAtlas
CHRNA7
GeneCards
CHRNA7
GenBank Gene Database
X70297
GenBank Protein Database
496607
Guide to Pharmacology
468
UniProt Accession
ACHA7_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:108
GenAtlas
ACHE
GeneCards
ACHE
GenBank Gene Database
M55040
GenBank Protein Database
177975
Guide to Pharmacology
2465
UniProt Accession
ACES_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:983
GenAtlas
BCHE
GeneCards
BCHE
GenBank Gene Database
M32391
GenBank Protein Database
1311630
Guide to Pharmacology
2471
UniProt Accession
CHLE_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:10969
GenAtlas
SLC22A5
GeneCards
SLC22A5
GenBank Gene Database
AF057164
GenBank Protein Database
3273741
UniProt Accession
S22A5_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:10963
GeneCards
SLC22A1
GenBank Gene Database
X98332
GenBank Protein Database
2511670
Guide to Pharmacology
1019
UniProt Accession
S22A1_HUMAN
DrugBank citations
If you use DrugBank data in your research, please cite the following publications:
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Structured knowledge from the free knowledge base
ATC classifications (Wikidata)
Linked open data from Wikidata (Q180623), a free and open knowledge base operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. Data is available under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Public Domain Dedication.